It’s no scientific breakthrough that music can impact our brain mental state.

Research shows that music can significantly improve mood, stress, cognitive performance, and even endurance and power when applied correctly. How exactly does music benefit the brain and body? Most evidence points to the fact that it boosts mood, which has other downstream effects. Here's a summary of what we know.

How music and sound acts on the brain

All sounds, including music, are first gathered and decoded by the complex network that comprises our outer, middle, and inner ear. Tiny hair cells called cilia in our inner ear translate the vibrations from sound waves into neurotransmitters that activate the auditory nerve, which in turn sends electrical signals to the auditory complex in the temporal lobe of the brain. In other words, sound vibrations from the environment are translated into brain signals, which we perceive as sound. 

But how sound becomes music in the brain is a far more detailed process. Different parts of the brain are responsible for interpreting the various aspects of music. The temporal lobe, for example, decodes things like pitch, melody, harmony, chords, and timbre. The cerebellum processes rhythm. And the frontal lobe is responsible for the emotional reaction that you have to the complete package.[1] And these responses to music is what makes you perceive it differently from sound.

Self-selected music can improve mood and reduce stress

Most studies on the subject appear to harness self-reported measures of stress, like questionnaires. But there is also ample evidence that music can improve mood and reduce stress on an objective level. One 2004 study published in the British Journal of Health Psychology found that classical music helped reduce systolic blood pressure by 8.7mmHg more than silence after a stressful task.[3] A separate study of university students 2003 found that a spike in salivary cortisol observed following a stressor was prevented if the students listened to relaxing music rather than sitting in silence.[4]

So, does this mean overtly soothing or classical music are the only types with stress-reducing effects? Not at all! In fact, a 2007 study (and more recent, supporting research) found that both self-selected and classical music significantly reduced negative emotional states after a stressor. Heavy metal music and silence had the opposite effect.[5] So if you’re looking for a mood booster or stress release, your brain will respond to music you like. Long story short, and something you probably already knew: your favorite music can reduce stress and put you in a better mood. And if you're looking for other ways to reduce stress, we wrote a blog on the subject to provide some insight.

Soothing music can improve performance on cognitive tasks

But this effect is among science’s most controversial—research has been relatively divided about the reproducibility of these results.[7] The original author notes that the effect of Mozart’s music isn’t that it improves long-term intelligence, but rather one’s ability to do a test or task.[7] This theory is supported by multiple studies that find calming music improves task performance while aggressive music has the opposite effect. One study of 10-12-year-old children found that, compared to silence, calming background music resulted in improved performance in arithmetic and memory tasks. Interestingly, arousing, aggressive background music had the opposite effect.[8] Additional studies have found classical music improves cognitive performance in various ages, including young adults and the elderly.[9, 10]

So, should you listen to music while doing cognitive tasks? Most research suggests that the boost music gives in these scenarios is actually mediated by differences in mood and emotional arousal.[11] That is, someone who enjoys a task more (emotional arousal) is more likely to produce better test results. But research shows that the effect really depends on both the type of music and the type of task. Some studies have found any noise, including music, to be distracting during complex tasks. This was especially true for vocal music.[12] Your best bet? If you want to test out music’s effects on cognitive tasks, start with calming, instrumental music. Classical is a safe bet. And if you're looking for other ways to boost cognition, check out our blog on the topic.

Music can also provide a boost during resistance and endurance exercises

The benefits of music aren’t limited to above the neck—multiple studies have found self-selected music can improve physical performance, as well. One 2019 study of men and women found that self-selected music during anaerobic exercise significantly increased total work, relative peak power, and bench press repetitions. It even improved heart rate recovery after exercise.[13] A separate study of athletes found that, despite insignificant differences in overall height, takeoff velocity and velocity development during squat jumps was significantly higher in athletes listening to self-selected music compared to silence. These findings suggest self-selected music can significantly increase explosiveness during power exercises.[14]

For endurance exercise, research suggests that synchronizing movement with the beats per minute (BPM) of a song can boost endurance and increase output. A 2013 study found that synchronous music increased endurance score during an exercise test by about two and one-and-a-half minutes compared to asynchronous music or silence, respectively.[15] So how can you incorporate BPM into your workout? Pick songs with tempos that match your ideal pace—studies show you’ll naturally sync up with their rhythm.[16] You can use resources like running BPM charts to calculate a BPM according to pace goals. Then, check platforms like Spotify for playlists of songs with your ideal BPM. We also created a playlist with our friends at Jaybird with our favorite pump-up tracks. Check it out here!

A summary of music’s effects on stress, cognition, and performance

• Music is decoded and transmitted in the brain differently than general noise
• Both self-selected and classical music can improve self-reported (stress levels) and objective measures (blood pressure, salivary cortisol) of stress and mood
• The Mozart Effect is controversial, but in general, research shows that classical music (particularly Mozart) improves performance on cognitive tests but does not improve long-term intelligence
• To boost cognition during cognitive tasks, stick to non-lyrical, soothing music—particularly during complex problems
• Self-selected music can improve endurance, power, and recovery during physical exercise
• Syncing exercise with rhythm can increase physical output at a higher factor than the perceived increase

Julia Reedy, MNSP

• • • Julia is a Written Content Strategist & Editor at InsideTracker. She loves to use her experience in cutting-edge nutrition research and writing to spin complex health and nutrition topics into clear, approachable info everyone can relate to. As an inquisitive food shopper, she's constantly reading ingredient lists—and leaving shelves of backward products in her wake.

    • ---

References

[1]  Music and health. Harvard Health Publishing - Harvard Medical School, 2011.

[2]  Pelletier, C.L., The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta-analysis. J Music Ther, 2004. 41(3): p. 192-214.

[3]  Chafin, S., et al., Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2004. 9(3): p. 393-403.

[4] Khalfa, S., et al., Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress. ANNALS-NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2003. 999: p. 374-376.

[5] Labbé, E., et al., Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2007. 32(3): p. 163-168.

[6] Rauscher, F.H., G.L. Shaw, and C.N. Ky, Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 1993. 365(6447): p. 611-611.

[7] Jenkins, J.S., The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2001. 94(4): p. 170-172.

[8] Hallam, S., J. Price, and G. Katsarou, The Effects of Background Music on Primary School Pupils' Task Performance. Educational Studies, 2002. 28(2): p. 111-122.

[9] Schellenberg, E.G., et al., Exposure to music and cognitive performance: tests of children and adults. Psychology of Music, 2007. 35(1): p. 5-19.

[10] Mammarella, N., B. Fairfield, and C. Cornoldi, Does music enhance cognitive performance in healthy older adults? The Vivaldi effect. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 2007. 19(5): p. 394-399.

[11] Thompson, W.F., E.G. Schellenberg, and G. Husain, Arousal, Mood, and The Mozart Effect. Psychological Science, 2001. 12(3): p. 248-251.

[12] Cassidy, G. and R.A.R. MacDonald, The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts. Psychology of Music, 2007. 35(3): p. 517-537.

[13] Cutrufello, P.T., B.A. Benson, and M.J. Landram, The effect of music on anaerobic exercise performance and muscular endurance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2020. 60(3): p. 486-492.

[14] Biagini, M.S., et al., Effects of Self-Selected Music on Strength, Explosiveness, and Mood. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2012. 26(7).

[15] Anshel, M.H. and D.Q. Marisi, Effect of Music and Rhythm on Physical Performance. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1978. 49(2): p. 109-113.

[16] Waterhouse, J., P. Hudson, and B. Edwards, Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2010. 20(4): p. 662-669.